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100% of trophy heads suffered trauma before they died.

All of the trophy heads are adult males, and all of them suffered trauma before they died. Most of the wounds had time to heal before death, but this man suffered a sharp force trauma to his right mandible that cleaved all the way through the bone. Because the margins of the wound are still sharp and jagged, we know the injury didn't heal before he died, and he received this wound around the time of death. This high rate of injury for the trophy head victims shows they were involved in violence before they were crafted into trophies, supporting the war captives theory.


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About This Project

Human trophy taking was common in Southern Peru around 500-800 AD, but was it caused by environmental stress or the rise of the militaristic Wari Empire? Did Wari attack communities in Arequipa (S. Peru), or did Wari influence reach the area through trade? Sr and Pb isotope analysis will allow us to determine whether trophy victims from Uraca were locals or foreigners answering whether Wari was in the region, and who Uraca’s enemies were- local neighbors, Wari conquerors, or other tribes from afar?

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